In the early 1980s, just-in-time supply chain management emerged as a way for businesses to reduce stock levels and hold only items needed to fulfil known orders.
In recent years, and particularly since the coronavirus pandemic, just-in-case (JIC) supply chain management has become more popular. This takes a more cautious approach. Companies carry more stock and add redundancy to their supply chains so they can respond to unexpected surges in demand or mitigate supply disruption.
While increasing stock levels will increase carrying costs and tie up capital, it could still be more profitable in the long run. Having the right stock available could generate more sales and help businesses gain a competitive advantage.
The ability to quickly respond to market changes also means businesses are in an excellent position to facilitate growth.
In this post, we explain how to implement a just-in-case stock management strategy without the risk of wasting capital on unnecessary inventory items.
Just-in-case inventory management doesn’t have to mean inflating stock to really high levels. With some simple tactics, you can use this approach to mitigate supply chain risk while keeping inventory investment under tight control.
The key elements of inventory management to support your JIC stock strategy are:
Let’s look at each in more detail.
Just-in-case inventory management shouldn’t be about carrying as much stock as possible to cover up poor forecasting practices. Accurate demand forecasting is fundamental to a successful JIC approach. It’s critical to find the right balance between meeting demand without over-investing in unnecessary stock.
To get precise forecasting, you should combine historical sales or demand data (quantitative forecasting) with market knowledge of potential fluctuations (qualitative forecasting). Adding ‘human input’ to statistical calculations is very useful during times of market instability.
When preparing forecasts, it’s important to consider where your stock items sit in their product lifecycle. This is because an item has a different demand profile at each stage, which will affect how you calculate its forecast.
Knowing each inventory item’s demand profile or type will help you choose the best algorithms to calculate demand for the most accurate forecast.
Other factors to consider that will affect demand accuracy include:
During times when demand is unpredictable, you may see more outliers, e.g. when actual demand is much higher or lower than the forecast.
Demand outliers can skew upcoming forecasts, so it’s important to review them and decide whether or not to include them in your predictions.
It’s also important to remove periods when items have been out-of-stock from forecasts. It’s not wise to base upcoming forecasts on these past demand levels as they will be too low.
This can be done by simply removing the demand or identifying lost sales volumes and building them back into the forecast.
Safety stock is used by many companies that implement just-in-case stock strategies, as it helps them deal with supply chain disruptions or spikes in demand.
Safety stock is also critical to achieving stock availability targets without carrying unnecessary stock. It’s, therefore, essential to get safety stock levels accurate.
There are many ways to calculate safety stock, from simply adding a fixed amount of buffer stock to all items to using statistical calculations that account for demand and lead time variance. We explain in more detail in our whitepaper, How to Calculate Safety Stock for Inventory Management.
It’s important to understand that safety stock is an additional level of stock above your usual cycle stock. The idea is that once you’ve used up your cycle stock (stock you were expecting to sell based on your forecast), you still have some contingency for unexpected changes in demand or supply.
Safety stock should be calculated in addition to your usual stock levels. You can then adjust them based on your understanding of supply and demand volatility without interfering with your usual stocking policies.
If you can ‘foresee’ potential upcoming stock shortages, you can act before there’s a stock out. You can also use this information to adjust reordering parameters and safety stock levels to prevent the same thing from reoccurring.
A risk-of-run-out report will help you understand which stock items are most ‘at risk’ of running out, when they are likely to run out, and how much you are likely to be short. It’s a more reactive tactic, but one that can help you keep overall stock levels down and simply react to upcoming risks.
With this crucial information, your team can implement a plan to deal with the consequences, e.g. organise an emergency order, communicate with the sales team or redistribute stock.
We explain risk-of-run-out reports in more detail in our eGuide, Ten rules for managing stock and improving availability during times of shortage.
The number one rule to success with a just-in-case stock strategy is: Do not treat all items the same! A JIC approach will be much more effective if you use it to varying degrees across your inventory. It’s not wise to treat all items the same, as some will be more at risk of erratic lead times or lumpy demand than others.
Classifying your stock helps prevent a ‘blanket approach’. Using ABC analysis, you can categorise your stock items and assign different stocking policies to each group.
For example, with your inventory split into three groups, you could decide to prioritise forecasting and carry more safety stock of your A items, as they have the most supply chain ‘risk’ and demand volatility than your B and then C items.
You can read more about ABC inventory analysis in our blog post, The importance of ABC analysis in inventory management.
A more advanced approach would be to use pick classification. Then, you can identify items that you pick and sell most frequently and ensure you use a JIC stock policy to improve availability, e.g. increase safety stock, include in a risk of run-out report, etc.
As an item’s pick frequency drops off, you can reduce the need for the JIC stocking policies.
A big risk of using a just-in-case approach is that it could lead to excessive levels of stock that could be difficult to move and end up obsolete.
One way to prevent this is to track the ‘health’ of your stock:
Healthy stock – when stock levels are healthy, they reflect your demand forecasts. With a JIC policy, you may also have a pre-calculated additional level of safety stock that you may dip into now and again.
Excess stock – overstocking occurs when you have a lot of stock sitting on shelves that isn’t moving and is well over the quantities stipulated by your forecasts. It is important to keep an eye on these levels, as stock can begin to perish, be superseded by newer models, or lose market value.
Obsolete stock – when a stock item has had no demand over a number of periods, it can be classed as obsolete. At this point, items begin to affect your bottom line, so act before you reach this stage!
Keeping on top of the many reports needed to manage a just-in-case inventory plan may sound like a daunting task. However, inventory optimisation software can help.
Inventory optimisation software can help classify stock accurately, forecast demand, calculate optimal safety stock levels, and run risk-of-run-out reports.
With all the above information in one system, you can have complete visibility across your entire stock portfolio.
Plus, with a host of alerts to highlight demand outliers, items at risk of run-out or showing signs of obsolescence, EazyStock makes it easier to act before the risks become a reality.
You’ll also give your inventory teams more time to deal with suppliers, manage customers, and consider the bigger picture.
If you’d like to know more about EazyStock, why not arrange a quick call with one of our team.